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Semi-modals
The following semi-modals were pre-processed before parsing and tagging sentence structures: have to, had to, got to, have/had got to, gotta, ought to, BE supposed to, BE going to, gonna, BE about to, and used to.
Notes:
- BE includes all its inflected forms for person and tense.
- used to is treated as a semi-modal only when it is not preceded by BE.
Passive
We tagged the passive construction, not the be-verb itself.
- They knew what they were going to be asked. (verb-wh-complement)
Coordination
We tagged the first main verb, not the subsequent verbs.
- A truck driver who just slammed and kicked at everything (noun-finite relative clause)
Multi-words prepositions and subordinators
We defined several lists of fixed multi‐word sequences that are used during the processing of prepositions and subordinators.
Two-word multi-words prepositions
as for, but for, except for, save for, as from, as of, out of, depending on, according to, as to, on to, up to, along with, apart from, aside from, away from, ahead of, inside of, instead of, irrespective of, outside of, regardless of, close to, contrary to, next to, opposite to, owing to, preliminary to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, relative to, subsequent to, together with, back to, sort of, kind of, devoid of, exclusive of, void of, because of, due to, exclusive of, owing to, thanks to, such as, upwards of
Three-word multi-words prepositions
as far as, as opposed to, as distinct from, in exchange for, in return for, by means of, by virtue of, by way of, for lack of, for want of, in aid of, in back of, in case of, in charge of, in consequence of, in favour of, in front of, in lieu of, in light of, in need of, in place of, in respect of, in search of, in spite of, in terms of, in view of, on account of, on behalf of, on grounds of, on top of, by reference to, in addition to, in contrast to, in reference to, in regard to, in relation to, with regard to, with reference to, with respect to, at variance with, in accordance with, in comparison with, in compliance with, in conformity with, in contact with, in line with, as a result of, at the expense of, for the sake of, in the case of, in the event of, in the light of, on the grounds of, on the ground of, on the part of, with the exception of, at the back of, in the middle of
Two-word multi-words subordinators
as if, as though, so that, in that